Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2014

American-British scientist John O'Keefe and married Norwegians May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser won the 2014 Nobel Prize for medicine for discovering the brain's "inner GPS" that makes it possible to orient ourselves in space and help understand diseases like Alzheimer's, the award-giving body said on Monday.
"The discoveries...have solved a problem that has occupied philosophers and scientists for centuries," the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska Institute said in a statement when awarding the prize of 8 million Swedish crowns ($1.1 million).
The committee recognized the winners "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain," according to a press release on the Nobel Prize website.
"In 1971, John O ́Keefe discovered the first component of this positioning system," wrote the committee. "He found that a type of nerve cell in an area of the brain called the hippocampus that was always activated when a rat was at a certain place in a room. Other nerve cells were activated when the rat was at other places. O ́Keefe concluded that these “place cells” formed a map of the room."
According to the committee, the Mosers, the fifth couple in history to share a Nobel Prize, picked up O'Keefe's work in 2005.
"They identified another type of nerve cell, which they called 'grid cells' that generate a coordinate system and allow for precise positioning and pathfinding," according to the committee. "Their subsequent research showed how place and grid cells make it possible to determine position and to navigate."
According to the committee, their discovery is groundbreaking because it "solved a problem that has occupied philosophers and scientists for centuries – how does the brain create a map of the space surrounding us and how can we navigate our way through a complex environment?"